Experimental Study of a Sequential Membrane Process of Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration for Efficient Polyphenol Extraction from Wine Lees.

The wine industry is a sector of great importance in the Spanish economy, contributing substantial annual revenues. However, one challenge facing the industry is the amount of waste generated, reaching millions of tons annually. These residues consist of organic matter of industrial interest, such as polyphenols. These substances are characterised by their excellent antioxidant properties, making them ideal for use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Modern techniques, such as membrane technology, are explored for their extraction based on separating compounds according to size. This work studies a sequential filtration process using ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes at different operating conditions (2 bar and 9.5 bar for UF and NF, respectively, at 20 °C) to extract polyphenols from wine lees. The results show a total polyphenols rejection rate for each process of 54% for UF and 90% for NF. Pore blocking models have been studied for the UF process and an intermediate pore blocking of the membrane upon wine lees filtration has been identified. A mathematical model that justifies the behavior of a polymeric NF membrane with the filtration of pre-treated vinasse residues has been validated. This study shows a viable process for extracting polyphenols from wine lees with sequential membrane technology.

Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Fabrics for the Treatment of Complex Wastes.

In the present study, nine fabrics have been tested for brackish water treatment with the aim of industrial application under the concept of zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Moisture content was determined, where it was observed that the lignocellulosic fabrics had a moisture content ranging from 2.5 to 8.5%. The wetting contact angle showed that the flax with polylactic acid (LPLA) was the most hydrophobic. The determination of the liquid absorption capacity showed that, of the synthetic fabrics, the one with the highest absorption, both in distilled water and in brackish water, was the polyester (PES) fabric with an absorption of 816% compared to its initial weight. In the natural fabrics, the highest absorption capacity was shown by the wet-laid without treatment (WL-WT) fabric for both distilled water and brackish water, although it required several cycles of operation to maintain this stable absorption. Exposure to brackish water improved the absorption capacity of all samples. Mechanical and thermal characterization showed that the synthetic fabrics were more resistant than the natural fabrics, although they may compete in terms of applicability. The capillarity study showed that the most hydrophilic fabrics completed the test the fastest. Finally, the composting degradation test showed that those fabrics with polylactic acid (PLA) content degraded faster in the first 14 days and thereafter the degradation of the lignocellulosic content showed a slower degradation until 112 days. The Bam fabric did not degrade during the course of the experiment.

High-grade idiopathic atrioventricular block in childhood: Case report and literature review. / High-grade idiopathic atrioventricular block in childhood: Case report and literature review.

Atrioventricular blocks are chronotropic abnormalities produced by multifactorial alterations in the cardiac innervation system, specifically between the internodal pathways between the sinus node and the atrioventricular node. These bradyarrhythmias represent 2.3% of cardiac alterations in intrauterine life, registering one case for every 20 000 to 25 000 live births. However, its occurrence in childhood and adolescence is unknown. Likewise, the percentage of idiopathic atrioventricular blocks in this group in Colombia is unknown to date. Among the possible etiol-ogies, congenital and acquired causes have been documented. Some examples are isolated cases found in pregnancies with maternal isoimmunization, from carriers with lupus, and in coexis-tence with structural alterations, such as anomalies of the interventricular septum due to cardiac tumors and defects in the ostium and septation of the cardiac chambers. Atrioventricular blocks are also associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection and concomitant viral myocarditis and with cardiomyopathies of immune, rheumatic, infectious, tumoral, and structural origin, in addition to mitochondrial diseases such as Kearns Sayre syndrome, presenting with multi- organ involvement. These etiologies lead to chronic inflammation with fibrotic repair in the cardiac conduction system, which alters the transmission of the action potential and bradycardia with atrioventricular asynchrony. Idiopathic causes described in the onset of primary dysautonomia have also been reported. We present the case of an 11- year- old patient with a headache crisis and paroxysmal vegetative symptoms associated with repeated fainting, with subsequent studies where no structural alterations or autoimmune findings were identified. The patient was diag-nosed with idiopathic complete atrioventricular block and received expectant management by the electrophysiology service.

Los bloqueos auriculoventriculares son aberraciones cronotrópicas producidas por alteraciones de índole multifactorial en el sistema de inervación cardíaco. Específicamente se localizan entre las vías internodales que conducen el potencial de acción desde el nodo sinusal hasta el nodo auriculoventricular. Estos representan el 2,3% de las alteraciones cardíacas en la vida intrauterina, registrándose un caso por cada 20 000 a 25 000 nacidos vivos. Sin embargo, su ocurrencia en la infancia temprana y la edad escolar es desconocida. Asimismo, el porcentaje de causas idiopáticas de bloqueos auriculoventriculares en esta etapa de la vida es desconocido hasta el momento en Colombia. Dentro de las posibles etiologías se han documentado causas congénitas y adquiridas. Algunos ejemplos son casos aislados producto de isoinmunización materna, en hijo de madre lúpica o en coexistencia con alteraciones estructurales como anomalías del septo interventricular de índole neoplásico, defectos relacionados al ostium y la tabicación de las cámaras cardíacas. También se han descrito casos secundarios a infección por virus sincitial respiratorio y miocarditis vírica concomitante, incluyendo cardiomiopatías de origen inmune, reumático, infeccioso, tumoral, estructural, además de aquellas con compromiso mitocondrial en el cardiomiocito (síndrome de Kearns Sayre) con presentación más tardía con afectación multiorgánica. Todas ellas destacan por un fenómeno en común a nivel celular, referente a la inflamación crónica con reparación fibrótica en el sistema de conducción cardíaco, que conlleva alteraciones de la transmisión del potencial de acción y bradicardia con asíncrona auriculoventricular. También se han reportado causas idiopáticas descritas en el debut de una disautonomía primaria. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 11 años con crisis de cefalea y síntomas vegetativos paroxísticos asociados a lipotimias a repetición, con posteriores estudios de extensión sin identificación de alteraciones estructurales ni hallazgos autoinmunes. A la niña se le diagnosticó bloqueo auriculoventricular completo, idiopático por lo que recibió manejo expectante por parte del servicio de electrofisiología.

Bloqueo auriculoventricular de alto grado idiopático en la infancia: reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / High-grade idiopathic atrioventricular block in childhood: case report and literature review

Los bloqueos auriculoventriculares son aberraciones cronotrópicas producidas por alteraciones de índole multifactorial en el sistema de inervación cardíaco. Específicamente se localizan entre las vías internodales que conducen el potencial de acción desde el nodo sinusal hasta el nodo auriculoventricular. Estos representan el 2,3% de las alteraciones cardíacas en la vida intrauterina, registrándose un caso por cada 20 000 a 25 000 nacidos vivos. Sin embargo, su ocurrencia en la infancia temprana y la edad escolar es desconocida. Asimismo, el porcentaje de causas idiopáticas de bloqueos auriculoventriculares en esta etapa de la vida es desconocido hasta el momento en Colombia. Dentro de las posibles etiologías se han documentado causas congénitas y adquiridas. Algunos ejemplos son casos aislados producto de isoinmunización materna, en hijo de madre lúpica o en coexistencia con alteraciones estructurales como anomalías del septo interventricular de índole neoplásico, defectos relacionados al ostium y la tabicación de las cámaras cardíacas. También se han descrito casos secundarios a infección por virus sincitial respiratorio y miocarditis vírica concomitante, incluyendo cardiomiopatías de origen inmune, reumático, infeccioso, tumoral, estructural, además de aquellas con compromiso mitocondrial en el cardiomiocito (síndrome de Kearns Sayre) con presentación más tardía con afectación multiorgánica. Todas ellas destacan por un fenómeno en común a nivel celular, referente a la inflamación crónica con reparación fibrótica en el sistema de conducción cardíaco, que conlleva alteraciones de la transmisión del potencial de acción y bradicardia con asíncrona auriculoventricular. También se han reportado causas idiopáticas descritas en el debut de una disautonomía primaria. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 11 años con crisis de cefalea y síntomas vegetativos paroxísticos asociados a lipotimias a repetición, con posteriores estudios de extensión sin identificación de alteraciones estructurales ni hallazgos autoinmunes. A la niña se le diagnosticó bloqueo auriculoventricular completo, idiopático por lo que recibió manejo expectante por parte del servicio de electrofisiología.

Atrioventricular blocks are chronotropic abnormalities produced by multifactorial alterations in the cardiac innervation system, specifically between the internodal pathways between the sinus node and the atrioventricular node. These bradyarrhythmias represent 2.3% of cardiac alterations in intrauterine life, registering one case for every 20 000 to 25 000 live births. However, its occurrence in childhood and adolescence is unknown. Likewise, the percentage of idiopathic atrioventricular blocks in this group in Colombia is unknown to date. Among the possible etiol-ogies, congenital and acquired causes have been documented. Some examples are isolated cases found in pregnancies with maternal isoimmunization, from carriers with lupus, and in coexis-tence with structural alterations, such as anomalies of the interventricular septum due to cardiac tumors and defects in the ostium and septation of the cardiac chambers. Atrioventricular blocks are also associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection and concomitant viral myocarditis and with cardiomyopathies of immune, rheumatic, infectious, tumoral, and structural origin, in addition to mitochondrial diseases such as Kearns Sayre syndrome, presenting with multi- organ involvement. These etiologies lead to chronic inflammation with fibrotic repair in the cardiac conduction system, which alters the transmission of the action potential and bradycardia with atrioventricular asynchrony. Idiopathic causes described in the onset of primary dysautonomia have also been reported. We present the case of an 11- year- old patient with a headache crisis and paroxysmal vegetative symptoms associated with repeated fainting, with subsequent studies where no structural alterations or autoimmune findings were identified. The patient was diag-nosed with idiopathic complete atrioventricular block and received expectant management by the electrophysiology service.

Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling of a Nanofiltration Membrane System for the Recovery of Polyphenols from Wine Lees.

The winemaking process in Spain generates a significant amount of wastes such as wine lees. Currently, the nanofiltration process is a viable technique for the revalorization of compounds from wastes. In this aspect, this technique can be used for the recovery of compounds, such as polyphenols, as well as active principles widely used in industries, such as pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Polyphenols are found in acceptable amounts in wine lees wastes and it is interesting to study the nanofiltration process viability to recover them. In order to study this possibility, it is necessary to determine the choice of the best membrane to use and the effect of operational parameters such as pressure, temperature, cross-flow rates, and concentration. In addition, it is important to be able to develop a mathematical model that can help in the future design of lees treatment plants. The treatment of red wine lees to concentrate polyphenols has been studied in a laboratory plant using different membranes (RO and NF) at different pressures (4.5, 9.5, and 14.5 bar), different temperatures (293, 303, and 308 K), and two concentrations (2100 and 1100 mg tyrosol eq·L-1). The results have been encouraging to consider nanofiltration as a viable technique for the treatment and revalorization of this waste. The most suitable membrane has been the NF270, in which 96% rejection rates have been obtained, with a flux of 30 L·h-1·m-2. Moreover, in this study, the Spiegler-Kedem model (SKM) was used to calculate mass transfer constants and permeabilities. Suitable adjustments of these parameters were obtained to validate this mathematical model. For this reason, the SKM might be used in future studies to continue in the research work of the treatment of wine lees wastes.

Interpretación medicolegal para el abordaje de individuos con desórdenes del desarrollo sexual en Colombia / Interpretation of medical-legal Colombian legislation to treat individuals with disorders of sexual development

Objetivo Los desórdenes del desarrollo sexual (DDSs) son un grupo de condiciones médicas cuyo manejo implica un enfoque transdisciplinario. En la legislación colombiana, no existe una regulación específica en materia de intervenciones médicas en individuos con DDSs. La Corte Constitucional Colombiana se ha encargado de proferir sentencias, en las cuales se han establecido unos lineamientos y parámetros para el manejo jurídico de los casos de ambigüedad genital. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, nos proponemos en este artículo exponer y analizar, desde la visión de un grupo transdisciplinario, las sentencias más relevantes que han sido proferidas por la Corte Constitucional Colombiana. Métodos Se realizó una revisión narrativa en las bases de datos de la Corte Constitucional y de la literatura legal. Se recopilaron todas las sentencias disponibles, y se evaluaron lo casos clínicos identificados por el grupo transdisciplinario de DDSs del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Finalmente, los autores generaron por consenso un texto de discusión, como guía para los lectores, luego de analizar cada una de las sentencias y los casos presentados. Resultados Se identificaron 9 sentencias y los antecedentes que llevaron a la elaboración de cada una de ellas. Los nueve casos presentados contienen conceptos importantes para la articulación por parte del grupo transdisciplinario, tales como, autonomía, consentimiento sustituto y asistido, e indicación médica del tratamiento. Se excluyeron las sentencias T-692/99 y la T-918/2012, dado que daban información duplicada con referencia a sentencias incluidas en este documento. Conclusión La Corte Constitucional Colombiana ha proferido sentencias en las cuales no se ha contado con la participación de grupos de expertos. La terminología usada no describe apropiadamente el lenguaje técnico que se aplica al manejo de nuestros pacientes. Para el abordaje de individuos con DDSs, resulta muy importante conocer la relevancia de las sentencias basadas en un análisis individual de cada caso.

Objective Disorders of sexual development (DSDs) are a group of conditions that require a transdisciplinary approach. In the Colombian legislation, there are no specific regulations regarding medical interventions in individuals with DSDs. The Colombian Constitutional Court has issued sentences establishing some guidelines and parameters for the legal management of cases of genital ambiguity. Considering the aforementioned information, the present manuscript aims to describe and analyze, from the perspective of a transdisciplinary team, the most relevant sentences issued by the Colombian Constitutional Court. Methods We performed a narrative review of the database of the Colombian Constitutional Court and of the legal literature. We compiled all available court sentences and evaluated the clinical cases identified by the transdisciplinary team at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Lastly, the authors composed, through consensus, a text for discussion, as a guide to the readers, after the analysis of each of the sentences and cases presented. Results We identified nine sentences and the precedents that led to their development. The nine cases presented contain important concepts for the work of the transdisciplinary team, such as autonomy, substitute and assisted consent, and the medical indication of treatment. Sentences T-692/99 and T-918/2012 were excluded, as they provided duplicate information concerning sentences included in this document. Conclusion The Colombian Constitutional Court has issued sentences without the participation of a team of experts in DSDs. The terminology used does not properly describe the jargon that is applied in the management of our patients. In order to approach individuals with DSDs, awareness regarding the relevance of the sentences based on an individual analysis of each case is of great importance.

2000 years of agriculture in the Atacama desert lead to changes in the distribution and concentration of iron in maize.

We performed a histological and quantitative study of iron in archaeological maize seeds from prehispanic times recovered from Tarapacá, Atacama Desert. Also, we examined iron distribution changes at the cell level in embryos from ancient versus new varieties of maize. Our results show a progressive decrease in iron concentration from the oldest maize to modern specimens. We interpret the results as an effect of prehispanic agriculture over the micronutrient composition of maize.

Complications on Percutaneous Hallux Valgus Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Lately there has been a growing interest in the use of percutaneous surgery for the correction of hallux valgus (HV). The purpose of the present study was to systematically review the published data about this topic and establish the efficacy and safety, stressing the complication rates found on this percutaneous technique. A systematic review of the literature available in PubMed was performed. The radiological and clinical outcomes were evaluated as well as complication rates. A total of 16 studies were included and 1157 procedures reported for percutaneous HV on 1246 patients. The mean angle correction of HV deformity improved postoperatively. Reported complications vary among the studies. The highest complication rate was joint stiffness in 18.47% of cases, followed by HV recurrence and shortening of M1, both in 15.2%, material intolerance in 10.1%, osteoarthritic changes in 9.1%, infection in 7.6%, and transfer metatarsalgia in 5.4%. There is a lack of randomized control trials and insufficient comparative case control studies to assess whether one technique is more effective than another or if the percutaneous surgery is recommended rather than open surgery with respect to complications.

Leucheria cantillanensis (Nassauvieae, Asteraceae), a new species endemic to Central Chile.

A new species, Leucheria cantillanensis sp. nov., endemic to the coastal mountain range of Central Chile, is described. By using both nDNA and cpDNA, phylogenetic relationships of the new species were investigated. This new species belongs to the acaulescent/subacaulescent clade of Leucheria, which is congruent with the morphology of the species. A detailed description, distribution map, insights about its habitat, conservation status, and illustrations are provided. An updated key for acaulescent/subacaulescent species of Leucheria from Central Chile is also given.

Operating Conditions Optimization via the Taguchi Method to Remove Colloidal Substances from Recycled Paper and Cardboard Production Wastewater.

Optimization of the ultrafiltration (UF) process to remove colloidal substances from a paper mill's treated effluent was investigated in this study. The effects of four operating parameters in a UF system (transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), temperature and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)) on the average permeate flux (Jv), organic matter chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection rate and the cumulative flux decline (SFD), was investigated by robust experimental design using the Taguchi method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for an L9 orthogonal array were used to determine the significance of the individual factors, that is to say, to determine which factor has more and which less influence over the UF response variables. Analysis of the percentage contribution (P%) indicated that the TMP and MWCO have the greatest contribution to the average permeate flux and SFD. In the case of the COD rejection rate, the results showed that MWCO has the highest contribution followed by CFV. The Taguchi method and the utility concept were employed to optimize the multiple response variables. The optimal conditions were found to be 2.0 bar of transmembrane pressure, 1.041 m/s of the cross-flow velocity, 15 °C of the temperature, and 100 kDa MWCO. The validation experiments under the optimal conditions achieved Jv, COD rejection rate and SFD results of 81.15 L·m-2·h-1, 43.90% and 6.01, respectively. Additionally, SST and turbidity decreased by about 99% and 99.5%, respectively, and reduction in particle size from around 458-1281 nm to 12.71-24.36 nm was achieved. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy images under optimal conditions showed that membrane fouling takes place at the highest rate in the first 30 min of UF. The results demonstrate the validity of the approach of using the Taguchi method and utility concept to obtain the optimal membrane conditions for the wastewater treatment using a reduced number of experiments.

Soil P reduces mycorrhizal colonization while favors fungal pathogens: observational and experimental evidence in Bipinnula (Orchidaceae).

Little is known about the soil factors influencing root-associated fungal communities in Orchidaceae. Limited evidence suggests that soil nutrients may modulate the association with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), but their influence on non-mycorrhizal fungi remains unexplored. To study how nutrient availability affects mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi associated with the orchid Bipinnula fimbriata, we conducted a metagenomic investigation within a large population with variable soil conditions. Additionally, we tested the effect of phosphorus (P) addition on fungal communities and mycorrhizal colonization. Soil P negatively correlated with the abundance of OMF, but not with the abundance of non-mycorrhizal fungi. After fertilization, increments in soil P negatively affected mycorrhizal colonization; however, they had no effect on OMF richness or composition. The abundance and richness of pathotrophs were negatively related to mycorrhizal colonization and then, after fertilization, the decrease in mycorrhizal colonization correlated with an increase in pathogen richness. Our results suggest that OMF are affected by soil conditions differently from non-mycorrhizal fungi. Bipinnula fimbriata responds to fertilization by altering mycorrhizal colonization rather than by switching OMF partners in the short term, and the influence of nutrients on OMF is coupled with indirect effects on the whole fungal community and potentially on plant's health.

Genetic and phenotypic diversity in 2000 years old maize (Zea mays L.) samples from the Tarapacá region, Atacama Desert, Chile.

The evolution of maize (Zea mays L.) is highly controversial given the discrepancies related to the phenotypic and genetic changes suffered by the species, the incidence of human groups and the times in which these changes occurred. Also, morphological and genetic traits of crops are difficult to evaluate in the absence of fossils macro-botanical remains. In contrast in the Tarapacá region (18-21° S), Atacama Desert of Chile, prehispanic settlements (ca. 2500-400 yr BP) displayed extensive maize agriculture. The presence of archaeological macro-botanical remains of maize provided a unique opportunity to study the evolution of this crop, covering a temporal sequence of at least 2000 years. Thus, in this study, we ask how the morphological and genetic diversity of maize has varied since its introduction during prehispanic times in the Tarapacá region. To answer this, we measured and compared morphological traits of size and shape between archaeological cobs and kernels and 95 ears from landraces. To established genetic diversity eight microsatellite markers (SSR) were analyzed in archaeological and modern kernels. Genetic diversity was estimated by allelic frequency rates, the average number of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He). Differences between populations and genetic structure were estimated by fixation index FST and STRUCTURE analysis. Our results indicate significant phenotypic differences and genetic distance between archaeological maize and landraces. This result is suggestive of an introduction of new varieties or drastic selective changes in modern times in Tarapacá. Additionally, archaeological maize shows a low genetic diversity and a progressive increase in the size of ears and kernels. These results suggest a human selection during prehispanic times and establish that prehispanic farmers played an important role in maize development. They also provide new clues for understanding the evolutionary history of maize in hyperarid conditions.

Caries dental y microorganismos asociados a la caries en la saliva de los alumnos del primer año de la Facultad de Odontología, UNAM / Dental caries and caries-associated mechanisms found in the saliva of first year students at the School of Dentistry, UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico)

Se estudiaron 380 alumnos del primer año en la Facultad de Odontología (n = 380) (periodo 2012-2013) a fin de determinar el índice CPOD y relacionar si la caries está asociada con los microorganismos Streptococcus y Lactobacillus. El índice CPOD (cariado, perdido y obturado) se registró usando los parámetros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se tomaron muestras de saliva de cada alumno y se determinaron las unidades formadoras de colonias de Streptococcus y Lactobacillus. La media de los índices CPOD fue de 7.25 ± 4.59. Las mujeres (n = 278) y hombres (n = 102) presentaron una media de índices CPOD de 7.11 ± 4.66 y 7.29 ± 4.57, respectivamente. Encontramos que los alumnos de 19 años presentaron menos caries que los estudiantes de otras edades. Tanto Streptococcus y Lactobacillus se correlacionaron significativamente entre sí, así como en la incidencia de caries. Un incremento en el número de estos microorganismos, especialmente de Streptococcus mutans, se asociaron con el incremento en CPOD.

Three hundred and eighty first year students of the National School of Dentistry (UNAM) (n = 380) (academic year 2012-2013), were assessed targeting determination of DMFT (decayed, missing, lost teeth) index as well as to establish a relationship of whether caries is associated to Lactobacillus and Streptococcus microorganisms. DMFT index was recorded using World Health Organization (WHO) parameters. Samples of all students were taken and colony-forming units of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were determined. DMFT indexes mean was established at 7.25 ± 4.59. Females (n = 278) and males (n = 102) exhibited mean DMFT indexes of 7.11 ± 4.66 and 7.29 ± 4.57 respectively. Results revealed that 19 year old students exhibited lesser amounts of caries than students of other ages. Both Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were significantly correlated to each other as well as to caries incidence. Increase in the number of the aforementioned micro-organisms, especially Streptococcus mutans, were associated to DMFT increase.

Flavonoids inhibit iNOS production via mitogen activated proteins in lipoteichoic acid stimulated cardiomyoblasts.

Infective endocarditis is caused by oral commensal bacteria which are important etiologic agents in this disease and can induce release of nitric oxide (NO), promoting an inflammatory response in the endocardium. In this study, we investigated the properties of kaempherol, epigallocatechin, apigenin, and naringin in embryonic mouse heart cells (H9c2) treated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) obtained from Streptococcus sanguinis. NO production was measured with the Griess method. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess translocation of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), degradation of IκB, and activity of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). And the effects of these flavonoids on cell viability were also assessed. Our results showed that flavonoids blocked activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in cardiomyocytes treated with LTA. Moreover, the flavonoids showed no cytotoxic effects and blocked NF-κB translocation and IκB degradation and inhibited LTA-induced NF-κB promoter activity, iNOS expression and NO production. In conclusion these effects are consistent with some of the observed anti-inflammatory properties of other flavonoids.

[Clinical and laboratory profile of Plasmodium vivax malaria patients hospitalized in Apartadó, Colombia]. / Perfil clínico y de laboratorio de los pacientes con malaria por Plasmodium vivax, hospitalizados en Apartadó, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria is a public health problem in the Urabá region recording rates of infection above those of the Antioquia department. The burden of vivax malaria is 78.7% and the profile of vivax malaria in this region has scarcely been studied. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized for vivax malaria in Apartadó. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients with vivax malaria hospitalized in the Antonio Roldán Betancur hospital from 2004-2007. Results. Of 359 patients with vivax malaria who required hospitalization, 23.1% (83/359 patients) had the following complications: severe anemia, 51.8% (43/83); severe thrombocytopenia, 15.6% (13/83); hyperbilirubinemia, 7.2 % (6/83). Some patients met several criteria for complicated malaria simultaneously, including one case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The most significant laboratory changes were decreases in the hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet levels, with increased levels of transaminases and bilirubin. Only 4.82% (4/83) of patients with complicated malaria were treated with intravenous quinine, no one died. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated frequency of complicated vivax malaria found in the Uraba region in this study is noteworthy, particularly in children under 5 years. The results highlight the need to strengthen, amongst the health staff, the knowledge of the guidelines for the clinical care of malaria patients, in order to make a correct clinical diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.

Perfil clínico y de laboratorio de los pacientes con malaria por Plasmodium vivax, hospitalizados en Apartadó, Colombia / Clinical and laboratory profile of Plasmodium vivax malaria patients hospitalized in Apartadó, Colombia

Introducción. La malaria representa un problema de salud pública en la región de Urabá, donde se registran tasas superiores a las del departamento de Antioquia; la carga de malaria por Plasmodium vivax es de 78,7 % y poco se ha explorado su perfil en la región. Objetivos. Con el presente estudio se pretende conocer las características clínicas y de laboratorio de los pacientes hospitalizados por malaria por P. vivax en Apartadó. Materiales y métodos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con malaria por P. vivax que requirieron manejo hospitalario en el Hospital “Antonio Roldán Betancur”, Empresa Social del Estado, durante los años 2004-2007. Resultados. Se hospitalizaron 359 pacientes con malaria por P. vivax, de los cuales, el 23,1 % (83/359 casos) se complicó por anemia grave (51,8 %, 43/83), por trombocitopenia grave (15,6 %, 13/83) y por hiperbilirrubinemia (7,2 %, 6/83); algunos pacientes satisfacían varios criterios simultáneamente, incluyendo un caso de síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Los datos de laboratorio más significativos mostraron disminución de los niveles de hemoglobina, hematocrito y plaquetas, con aumento en los niveles de transaminasas y bilirrubinas. Sólo el 4,82 % (4/83) de los pacientes con malaria complicada, recibió tratamiento con quinina intravenosa, ninguno falleció. Conclusiones. Se destaca en este trabajo la frecuencia importante de malaria complicada por P. vivax, particularmente en los menores de cinco años, en la región de Urabá, y la necesidad de fortalecer el conocimiento de la guía para la atención clínica integral del paciente con malaria, entre el personal de salud, para hacer un diagnóstico clínico correcto y ofrecer el tratamiento apropiado.

Introduction. Malaria is a public health problem in the Urabá region recording rates of infection above those of the Antioquia department. The burden of vivax malaria is 78.7% and the profile of vivax malaria in this region has scarcely been studied. Objectives. To analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized for vivax malaria in Apartadó. Materials and methods. We reviewed the medical records of patients with vivax malaria hospitalized in the Antonio Roldán Betancur hospital from 2004-2007. Results. Of 359 patients with vivax malaria who requiried hospitalization, 23.1% (83/359 patients) had the following complications: severe anemia, 51.8% (43/83); severe thrombocytopenia, 15.6% (13/83); hyperbilirubinemia, 7.2 % (6/83). Some patients met several criteria for complicated malaria simultaneously, including one case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The most significant laboratory changes were decreases in the hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet levels, with increased levels of transaminases and bilirubin. Only 4.82% (4/83) of patients with complicated malaria were treated with intravenous quinine, no one died. Conclusions. The elevated frequency of complicated vivax malaria found in the Uraba region in this study is noteworthy, particularly in children under 5 years. The results highlight the need to strengthen, amongst the health staff, the knowledge of the guidelines for the clinical care of malaria patients, in order to make a correct clinical diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus: a report of four cases.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus is a very rare disease, clinically characterized by skin lesions that resemble those of subacute or discoid lupus erythematosus and/or congenital heart block. Generally, when patients have skin manifestations, they have no cardiac defects and vice-versa; however, in 10% of cases these manifestations may coexist. Other findings may include hematologic, hepatic and neurological abnormalities. This condition is caused by the transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies against Ro (95%), La and, less frequently, U1-ribonucleoprotein (U1-RNP). The present case report describes four patients with clinical, histopathological and immunological findings compatible with neonatal lupus erythematosus, their treatment and progress.

Lupus eritematoso neonatal: reporte de cuatro casos / Neonatal lupus erythematosus: a report of four cases

El lupus eritematoso neonatal es una enfermedad poco frecuente, caracterizada clínica mente por alteraciones cutáneas semejantes al lupus subagudo o discoide y/o bloqueo cardíaco congénito. Generalmente, cuando los pacientes presentan manifestaciones cutáneas, no tienen anormalidades cardiológicas y viceversa, aunque en un 10 por ciento de los casos ambas manifestaciones pueden coexistir. Puede acompañarse también de alteraciones hematológicas, hepáticas y neurológicas. Es causado por el pasaje trasplacentario de anticuerpos maternos anti Ro (95 por ciento), anti La y menos frecuentemente anti U1RNP. Presentamos cuatro pacientes con hallazgos clínicos, histopatológicos e inmunológicos compatibles con lupus eritematoso neonatal, su tratamiento y evolución.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus is a very rare disease, clinically characterized by skin lesions that resemble those of subacute or discoid lupus erythematosus and/or congenital heart block. Generally, when patients have skin manifestations, they have no cardiac defects and vice-versa; however, in 10 percent of cases these manifestations may coexist. Other findings may include hematologic, hepatic and neurological abnormalities. This condition is caused by the transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies against Ro (95 percent), La and, less frequently, U1-ribonucleoprotein (U1-RNP). The present case report describes four patients with clinical, histopathological and immunological findings compatible with neonatal lupus erythematosus, their treatment and progress.

Perfil funcional después de un entrenamiento con pesas en jugadores de futbol entre 15 y 19 años de edad de las divisiones menores del club Santa Fe C. D. / Functional profile following stretching with weights in soccer players age 15-19 in the lower divisions of Club Santafé

Teniendo en cuenta el nivel de alta competencia que tiene el fútbol en los últimos años, se hace necesaria una preparación desde temprana edad acorde con los principios del entrenamiento deportivo y las ciencias aplicadas al deporte. El propósito de este trabajo fue diseñar y aplicar un programa de entrenamiento con pesas durante un periodo de 10 semanas consecutivas, realizando una evaluación antes y después de aplicar dicho programa, para determinar si se presentan cambios en la fuerza muscular y en el perfil funcional de los futbolistas en cuanto a velocidad, resistencia, habilidades deportivas y medidas antropométricas. La población estuvo conformada por 35 jugadores de fútbol de las divisiones menores del Club Santa Fe Corporación deportiva, con edades entre los 15 y 19 años. Dado el tamaño de la población estudio, ésta correspondió a la muestra de la investigación. Se utilizó un diseño preexperimental tipo pretest- postest con un solo grupo. Resultados: Se encontraron cambios significativos en la fuerza muscular, resilencia, habilidades deportivas (autopase y tiro con pierna izquierda y tiro de esquina con pierna izquierda), medidas antropométricas (tríceps, subescapular, subespinal, abdomen, pierna, brazo caído, antebrazo, muñeca, pecho, cadera, muslo, pierna, tobillo), composición corporal (porcentaje óseo, graso y peso magro y en el somatotipo). Conclusiones: El programa de entrenamiento con pesas alterno al entrenamiento de campo tiene efectos positivos en las características propias e indispensables en los jugadores de fútbol.